The following appeared as a Special Feature
of THE
BLACK COLLEGIAN and IMDiversity.com.
On November 2, 2004 we elect a new President. Our government is
stable, but it can change in ways that reflect the perceptions
of those governed, especially its minorities. As underrepresented
minorities in the workplace and, unfortunately, at the ballot box,
African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native
Americans and women must vote wisely to protect their interests.
By appointments to the Federal courts, especially to the Supreme
Court, Presidents influence our lives long after their terms expire.
Very likely, the next President will have to replace two Justices
of the Supreme Court.
With the influence that the President has over the lives of Black
collegians particularly in mind, we asked both candidates for their
positions on issues that specifically, but not exclusively, affect
the readers of THE BLACK COLLEGIAN Magazine. You should
read their responses with care and, we hope, interest. We encourage
you to download or print out this feature and share it with friends
and loved ones.
THE BLACK COLLEGIAN (TBC): What specific reason or reasons
would you give African-American collegians for voting for you?
President George Bush: First,
I offer a clear and positive plan for winning the war on terror,
protecting our homeland, and
further strengthening our economy and that is good for all Americans.
Also, I have worked hard to make the American Dream something we
can all realize. African-American leaders such as Sojourner Truth,
Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Martin
Luther King Jr., and Leon Sullivan challenged America to respect
the dignity and equality of all people, regardless of race. In
the last three years, we have expanded the reach of prosperity
to more Americans, including minorities. Under my Administration
minority homeownership is at an all-time high; more than 15 percent
of small business owners and entrepreneurs are minorities; we are
making more small business loans to African Americans than ever
before; we are challenging the soft bigotry of low expectations
by holding schools accountable for the education of all of our
children by refusing to allow any child to be shuffled through
the system without learning how to read and do math; and our Nation
is leading the world in fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic by pledging
$15 billion to fight the disease in over 100 nations around the
world, with a particular focus on nations in Africa, Caribbean
and Asia. I have pledged significant resources to fight this disease
in the minority community at home. I also signed the legislation
establishing the African-American History Museum so that we can
preserve and share the rich culture of African Americans, who have
played such a vital role in our Nation’s history and shaping its
future.
Senator John Kerry: I will make our nation stronger by
standing up for our shared values of opportunity, responsibility,
and fairness; by growing the middle class; strengthening our families;
and expanding opportunity for all Americans. I will appoint judges
that enforce our civil rights laws and will protect the public
interest value of diversity, reducing racial disparities in education,
employment, income, wealth, health, home ownership and business
ownership. I have a vision for American education: Every child
should be held to high standards, and every school should have
the resources and the responsibility to meet those standards. Every
classroom should have a great teacher. Every young person should
graduate from high school. Every young person who works hard and
wants to go to college should be able to afford it and should be
able to get the skills they need to succeed throughout their lives.
If elected, I will offer
a fully refundable College Opportunity Tax credit on up to $4,000
of tuition for
every year of college
and offer aid to states that keep tuitions down. I will launch
a new effort to ensure that all of our workers can get the technical
skills and advanced training they need. One million students are
dropping out of high school every year, and because the price of
college has risen by 35 percent over the last three years, 220,000
qualified young people were priced out of college last year. I
have a plan to do better to ensure that all Americans can make
the most of their God-given talents. As I said in my address to
the NAACP, I will be a President who talks with everyone – those
who agree with me and those who don’t. I will be a President who
truly is a uniter, not one who seeks to divide our nation by race,
riches or any other label. I will be a President who shares the
values of all Americans who get up and go to work every day, who
try to raise their families in dignity, and who want to leave this
world a better place for their children.
TBC: The Higher Education
Act of 1965, as amended, defines a Historically Black College
or University
as “any historically
Black college or university that was established prior to 1964
whose principle mission was, and is, the education of Black Americans. …” In
light of the movement in the country, from Affirmative Action to
diversity, can HBCUs expect continued financial support from your
presidency? Would your administration increase that financial support?
Kerry: This year the United States is celebrating the 50th
Anniversary of a pivotal court decision in American history. Brown
vs. Board of Education began the process of tearing down the
walls of inequality in our society. We must honor the legacy of Brown by
letting America be America – by reaffirming the value of inclusion,
equality and diversity in our schools and across the life of our
nation. HBCUs prepare African-American students to succeed
in today’s economy and are essential to America’s educational system.
If elected President, I will continue to support these institutions
financially.
Bush: Historically Black Colleges and Universities play
an essential role in helping African Americans achieve the American
dream, and I strongly support their work. My Administration has
increased funding for minority-serving institutions by 30 percent
over four years. Funding has increased for Historically Black Colleges
and Universities, Historically Black Graduate Institutions, and
Hispanic-serving Institutions from $298.5 million in FY 2001 to
a requested $395 million in my FY 2005 budget.
TBC: As more White students attend HBCUs, at least one
HBCU now has a White majority, and many have programs that have
White majorities. Should HBCUs limit the enrollment of non-African
Americans as a means of maintaining their role as institutions
whose mission is the education of Black Americans? Should an HBCU
that loses its Black majority lose its Federal financial support
as an HBCU?
Bush: These universities continue to have a principal mission,
the education of Black Americans. Only if a school is classified
legally as an HBCU will it receive financial support as an HBCU.
Kerry: America’s 105 Historically Black Colleges and Universities
have a rich heritage and have played a prominent role in the education
of African Americans in this nation, including Booker T. Washington
and W.E.B. DuBois. John Edwards and I believe that it is absolutely
necessary that the mission of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
be maintained. A commitment to educating African Americans is what
makes these institutions unique and essential to America. However,
as America continues to grow in population and in culture, it is
also important that Americans expand their cultural understandings.
John Edwards and I encourage an active participation in cultural
education. America is not monolithic and our support for diversity
extends beyond traditional educational institutions. HBCUs are
essential to America’s educational system.
TBC: The Supreme Court
in the University of Michigan Affirmative Action case upheld
race-based preference
as a means of creating
diversity in colleges and universities, even though it indicated
its “uneasiness” with such preferences. Do you support race-based
preferences as a means of increasing the number of Blacks attending
non-HBCUs if other methods fail to increase that number?
Kerry: I am now, and
have always been, strongly in favor Affirmative Action. America’s diversity is a strength, not a weakness,
and it’s not just universities that have come to realize that – businesses
know it too. That’s why many of the nations’ most successful businesses
stood against Bush’s efforts to undermine the University of Michigan’s
Affirmative Action program. Justice O’Connor recently wrote in
the Michigan case that she expects that Affirmative Action will
be unnecessary in 25 years. It would be nice to make enough progress
in the next 25 years to make Affirmative Action unnecessary – but
at the rate we are going right now it won’t happen. I want to focus
the nation on an all out effort to reduce racial disparities in
education, employment, income, wealth, health, home ownership and
business ownership. I am committed to both doing what we know needs
to be done now – and to leading the effort to find new solutions.
Bush: I strongly support
diversity, including racial diversity in higher education. I
am pleased
the Court made clear that colleges
and universities must engage in a serious, good faith consideration
of workable, race neutral alternatives to promote diversity. Although
much progress has been made, we should not be satisfied with the
current numbers of minorities on American college campuses. University
officials have the responsibility and the obligation to make a
serious, effective effort to reach out to students from all walks
of life, without falling back on unconstitutional quotas. Schools
should seek diversity by considering a broad range of factors in
admissions, including a student’s potential and their life experiences.
I support affirmative access, which aggressively reaches out to
minorities, is inclusive of all races, provides equal opportunity,
and promotes diversity. I do not support racial quotas, preferences,
or set-asides, which perpetuate divisions and can lead people to
question the accomplishments of successful minorities.
TBC: Because far more
Black females are attending colleges and universities, many – perhaps most – HBCUs
have Black female majorities. Would you support Black gender-based
preference at
HBCUs as a means of increasing the number of Black males attending
these institutions? At non-HBCUs?
Bush: As stated above,
I do not support unconstitutional preferences because they can
perpetuate
stereotypes and cause further
divisions in society. Schools should seek diversity by considering
a broad range of factors in admissions, including a student’s potential
and life experiences.
Kerry: In New York
City, 50 percent of Black males are unemployed. In order to successfully
implement
a program geared
towards producing an educated and motivated American people, funding
for educational opportunities has to start at an early age. We
haven’t met the promise of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision
when too few African Americans are finishing high school, and only
18 percent are graduating college. Our children will never have
equal opportunity unless, once and for all, we close the ever-widening
achievement gap. We know the answer is both higher expectations
and greater resources. You cannot promise no child left behind
and then pursue policies that leave millions of children behind.
America can do better. And we will by lifting more of our people
out of poverty, expanding the middle class, providing health care,
and bringing jobs, hope and opportunity to all the neighborhoods
of the forgotten America. America must reaffirm the value of inclusion,
equality, and diversity in our schools and across the nation by
opening doors of opportunity, so that more of our young people
will pursue a higher education.
TBC: Harvard
University reports that 8% of its students are African Americans.
Of this
8%, only 3% are Americans,
descendants of American slaves. For reporting a university’s diversity,
is it proper to report international Blacks and American descendants
of slaves as a single unit or a single category called "African
American"?
Kerry: Where a university reports the representation of
African Americans, the reporting should be accurate.
Bush: Every college and university should want to report
the racial demographic makeup of their institution and should make
serious efforts to reach out to minorities of both American and
international descent. Just as it is in the interest of colleges
and universities to reach out to minorities, it is also in the
interest of colleges and universities to reach out to both American
descendents of slavery and international students to ensure a diverse
student population.
TBC: If you could do so without being heavy handed or intrusive,
would you be willing to ask institutions of higher learning to
focus as much on increasing their exposure of all students to minority
cultures through their curriculum offerings as on increasing the
number of minority students? Would NEH be a legitimate tool for
encouraging the development of college courses on minority cultures
under your administration?
Bush: The Federal
Government does not determine the curriculums of colleges and
universities. However,
we are providing flexible
funding for our Nation’s colleges and universities to help them
develop the best curriculum possible for their students.
Kerry: America’s diversity enriches our communities and
our country. I support strong efforts at colleges to educate our
students about America’s many communities and at the same time
to foster the core values that bring us together as Americans.
TBC: According to a report of the National Science Foundation,
African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans make
up only 5% of graduate engineering/science students. As President
would you do anything specifically designed to increase minority
participation in graduate engineering/science programs? Would your
administration encourage NSF to develop means of increasing the
number of minority graduate engineers and scientists?
Kerry: America will
only prosper in the global economy if we give every child a world-class
education.
Our current efforts
to educate and prepare Americans to thrive in an increasingly technological
society are totally inadequate. This is particularly true among
our nation’s minorities. I have a plan to invest in K-12 math and
science education, reward colleges for increasing the number of
science and engineering degrees, and create state-of-the-art online
learning technologies that allow hardworking American workers to
get high-quality training and education at a time, place, and pace
that works for them.
Bush: The under-representation
of minorities in science and technological fields deprives us
of the contributions of many
talented Americans and diminishes our Nation’s competitiveness.
Many prominent African Americans that serve in my administration
have math, science, and engineering backgrounds. An example is
Deputy Administrator of NASA Fred Gregory, a former Air Force combat
pilot in Vietnam and an accomplished astronaut. Minority institutions
provide an important educational opportunity for minority students,
particularly in science and engineering. My Administration has
worked diligently to uphold the 1998 amendments to the Higher Education
Act of 1965, Section 307, offering aid to minority institutions
to address the under-representation of minorities in science and
technological fields. I have also supported enhancing opportunities
for young people to study math and science in high school.
TBC: Black college graduates still earn less than the average
earned by college-educated White men doing the same professional
work. As President would you have any influence over disparities
in income for people doing the same or similar work.
Bush: We must promote equal opportunity throughout the
Nation. Providing a strong education for all Americans is the best
way to level the playing field and narrow the achievement gap,
improving opportunity for future employment. My Administration
will continue to vigorously enforce Federal employment laws.
Kerry: One of our
nation’s most pressing civil rights battles
involves ensuring equal access to good jobs. John Edwards and I
intend to bring fairness back to the work place. More than a million
Americans who were working three years ago have lost their jobs.
African-American unemployment is double the rate for Whites. And
the new jobs finally being created pay an average of $9,000 less
a year. We have a plan to bring equal opportunity to all Americans,
increase minimum wage, reward companies that create jobs in America,
strengthen the middle class, invest in the jobs of the future,
and restore fiscal discipline to Washington. The Bush administration
has lost credibility with African-American communities because
it has failed to deliver over the past four years and has taken
actions that hurt the community. Despite promises, the Bush administration
has done nothing as workers have lost jobs as college has drifted
out of reach, and health disparities increase. Instead the Bush
administration has cut funding for college aid, eliminated dropout
prevention programs and opposed Affirmative Action. John Edwards
and I will unite the country – we are going to enact policy that
will bring us together and move America forward.
TBC: More and more African-American children are trapped
in the cycle of poverty, crime, and government dependency. Can
you give our readers your perception of this growing African-American
underclass and some indication of how you would end it?
Kerry: The American
people need jobs, a strong economy, and affordable health care.
When I am
in the White House we are
going to stop being the only industrial nation on the face of the
earth that doesn’t understand that health care is not a privilege
for the wealthy, the connected or the elected. Today, minorities
in America continue to live sicker and die younger. We’ve got a
plan to get the waste and greed out of our health care system by
cutting premiums by up to $1,000, and providing insurance to 27
million Americans, including all children. America can go in a
new direction. We can make it better. The neighborhood you are
born in shouldn’t determine your opportunity for high-quality education
or success. I believe that, given a fair chance and real resources,
all children can thrive. It will take work. It will take resources.
It will take real leadership. President Bush looked us in the eye
and promised that he would leave no child behind. He didn’t put
his money where his mouth is.
I refuse to accept the status
quo. I will establish an Education Trust Fund that will provide
full mandatory
funding for the No
Child Left Behind Act and for the Federal Government’s share of
special education. If elected I will not go back to the kids in
low-performing inner city schools and say sorry, you’re on your
own, but instead will provide support and resources, and demand
accountability for improvement. The status quo for many
of our schools – particularly in inner city areas – is simply not
acceptable. We have to do better. Fifty years after Brown v
Board of Education, in too many painful ways, America is still
a house divided; too many Americans continue to be separate and
unequal in health status, educational achievement, and living standards.
What we really need is a leader who doesn’t just point fingers
and complain about problems. We need someone who is willing to
roll up their sleeves every day and work for solutions.
Bush: I want to create
an ownership society. My Administration firmly believes that
giving people
ownership over all aspects of
their lives – finances, education, and career—will give them the
tools they need to break the cycle of government dependency. The
best way to succeed is with a good education. Education is the
path to success. That is why we are fighting so hard to improve
the Nation’s schools through NCLB, ensuring that our public schools
teach all of our Nation’s students to be proficient in reading
and math. My plan includes improved opportunities in pre-school,
elementary, and high school. My Administration has worked tirelessly
to increase the number of African Americans owning their own homes,
building up and strengthening this Nation’s training programs and
institutions of higher learning, making them more accessible to
African Americans so that they can acquire the skills they need
to succeed. In addition, I believe that government can give out
money, but it cannot give hope. We support the works of community-
and faith-based organizations that reach out to neighbors and communities.
We need to level the playing field for those organizations that
are most effectively helping people trapped in poverty end that
cycle of dependence.
TBC: Is fostering Black culture as an identifiable culture
distinct from White culture something your administration could
comfortably do?
Bush: The Black-American
experience is historically different from those of other cultures.
Our Nation
must recognize that while
there has been a great deal of pain for African Americans, Black
culture is also vibrant and rich, and represents an important and
proud part of our Nation’s past, present, and future. The culture
of Black Americans has brought great beauty into this world. And
the contributions – scientific, cultural, educational, and economic – of
so many men and women have built a legacy that makes our Nation
proud. Every February, the United States honors the rich heritage
of African Americans during National African American History Month,
and pays tribute to their many contributions to our Nation. Every
day, we appreciate how African Americans have played a central
role in some of the most triumphant and courageous moments in our
Nation’s history. Last December, with wide bipartisan support of
Congress, I signed a law that will establish the first National
Museum of African American History and Culture on our National
Mall in Washington, D.C. When it is built, this remarkable museum
will serve as a tribute to Black culture in America and will remind
visitors of both the suffering and the triumph of African Americans,
the hurt that was overcome and the barriers that are being cast
away. It will serve as a lasting tribute to our shared belief as
a Nation that “All men are created equal.”
Kerry: I love this country because we can celebrate our
differences yet recognize that we are one as Americans. Black culture
is an American culture and should be honored.
This feature is from The BLACK COLLEGIAN Magazine First Semester
Super Issue, available for free at college career offices nationwide
in late October. |