The following appeared as a Special Feature of THE
BLACK COLLEGIAN and IMDiversity.com.
On November 2, 2004 we elect a new President. Our government is stable,
but it can change in ways that reflect the perceptions of those governed,
especially its minorities. As underrepresented minorities in the workplace
and, unfortunately, at the ballot box, African Americans, Asian Americans,
Hispanic Americans, Native Americans and women must vote wisely
to protect their interests.
By appointments to the Federal courts, especially to the Supreme Court,
Presidents influence our lives long after their terms expire. Very
likely, the next President will have to replace two Justices of the
Supreme Court.
With the influence that the President has over the lives of Black
collegians particularly in mind, we asked both candidates for their
positions on issues that specifically, but not exclusively, affect
the readers of THE BLACK COLLEGIAN Magazine. You should read
their responses with care and, we hope, interest. We encourage you
to download or print out this feature and share it with friends and
loved ones.
THE BLACK COLLEGIAN (TBC): What specific reason or reasons
would you give African-American collegians for voting for you?
President George Bush: First, I offer a clear and positive
plan for winning the war on terror, protecting our homeland, and further
strengthening our economy and that is good for all Americans. Also,
I have worked hard to make the American Dream something we can all
realize. African-American leaders such as Sojourner Truth, Harriet
Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Martin Luther King
Jr., and Leon Sullivan challenged America to respect the dignity and
equality of all people, regardless of race. In the last three years,
we have expanded the reach of prosperity to more Americans, including
minorities. Under my Administration minority homeownership is at an
all-time high; more than 15 percent of small business owners and entrepreneurs
are minorities; we are making more small business loans to African
Americans than ever before; we are challenging the soft bigotry of
low expectations by holding schools accountable for the education of
all of our children by refusing to allow any child to be shuffled through
the system without learning how to read and do math; and our Nation
is leading the world in fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic by pledging
$15 billion to fight the disease in over 100 nations around the world,
with a particular focus on nations in Africa, Caribbean and Asia. I
have pledged significant resources to fight this disease in the minority
community at home. I also signed the legislation establishing the African-American
History Museum so that we can preserve and share the rich culture of
African Americans, who have played such a vital role in our Nation’s
history and shaping its future.
Senator John Kerry: I will make our nation stronger by standing
up for our shared values of opportunity, responsibility, and fairness;
by growing the middle class; strengthening our families; and expanding
opportunity for all Americans. I will appoint judges that enforce our
civil rights laws and will protect the public interest value of diversity,
reducing racial disparities in education, employment, income, wealth,
health, home ownership and business ownership. I have a vision for
American education: Every child should be held to high standards, and
every school should have the resources and the responsibility to meet
those standards. Every classroom should have a great teacher. Every
young person should graduate from high school. Every young person who
works hard and wants to go to college should be able to afford it and
should be able to get the skills they need to succeed throughout their
lives.
If elected, I will offer a fully refundable College Opportunity Tax
credit on up to $4,000 of tuition for every year of college and offer
aid to states that keep tuitions down. I will launch a new effort to
ensure that all of our workers can get the technical skills and advanced
training they need. One million students are dropping out of high school
every year, and because the price of college has risen by 35 percent
over the last three years, 220,000 qualified young people were priced
out of college last year. I have a plan to do better to ensure that
all Americans can make the most of their God-given talents. As I said
in my address to the NAACP, I will be a President who talks with everyone – those
who agree with me and those who don’t. I will be a President who truly
is a uniter, not one who seeks to divide our nation by race, riches
or any other label. I will be a President who shares the values of
all Americans who get up and go to work every day, who try to raise
their families in dignity, and who want to leave this world a better
place for their children.
TBC: The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines
a Historically Black College or University as “any historically Black
college or university that was established prior to 1964 whose principle
mission was, and is, the education of Black Americans. …” In light
of the movement in the country, from Affirmative Action to diversity,
can HBCUs expect continued financial support from your presidency?
Would your administration increase that financial support?
Kerry: This year the United States is celebrating the 50th
Anniversary of a pivotal court decision in American history. Brown
vs. Board of Education began the process of tearing down the walls
of inequality in our society. We must honor the legacy of Brown by
letting America be America – by reaffirming the value of inclusion,
equality and diversity in our schools and across the life of our nation. HBCUs
prepare African-American students to succeed in today’s economy and
are essential to America’s educational system. If elected President,
I will continue to support these institutions financially.
Bush: Historically Black Colleges and Universities play an
essential role in helping African Americans achieve the American dream,
and I strongly support their work. My Administration has increased
funding for minority-serving institutions by 30 percent over four
years. Funding has increased for Historically Black Colleges and Universities,
Historically Black Graduate Institutions, and Hispanic-serving Institutions
from $298.5 million in FY 2001 to a requested $395 million in my FY
2005 budget.
TBC: As more White students attend HBCUs, at least one HBCU
now has a White majority, and many have programs that have White majorities.
Should HBCUs limit the enrollment of non-African Americans as a means
of maintaining their role as institutions whose mission is the education
of Black Americans? Should an HBCU that loses its Black majority lose
its Federal financial support as an HBCU?
Bush: These universities continue to have a principal mission,
the education of Black Americans. Only if a school is classified legally
as an HBCU will it receive financial support as an HBCU.
Kerry: America’s 105 Historically Black Colleges and Universities
have a rich heritage and have played a prominent role in the education
of African Americans in this nation, including Booker T. Washington
and W.E.B. DuBois. John Edwards and I believe that it is absolutely
necessary that the mission of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
be maintained. A commitment to educating African Americans is what
makes these institutions unique and essential to America. However,
as America continues to grow in population and in culture, it is also
important that Americans expand their cultural understandings. John
Edwards and I encourage an active participation in cultural education.
America is not monolithic and our support for diversity extends beyond
traditional educational institutions. HBCUs are essential to America’s
educational system.
TBC: The Supreme Court in the University of Michigan Affirmative
Action case upheld race-based preference as a means of creating diversity
in colleges and universities, even though it indicated its “uneasiness” with
such preferences. Do you support race-based preferences as a means
of increasing the number of Blacks attending non-HBCUs if other methods
fail to increase that number?
Kerry: I am now, and have always been, strongly in favor Affirmative
Action. America’s diversity is a strength, not a weakness, and it’s
not just universities that have come to realize that – businesses know
it too. That’s why many of the nations’ most successful businesses
stood against Bush’s efforts to undermine the University of Michigan’s
Affirmative Action program. Justice O’Connor recently wrote in the
Michigan case that she expects that Affirmative Action will be unnecessary
in 25 years. It would be nice to make enough progress in the next 25
years to make Affirmative Action unnecessary – but at the rate we are
going right now it won’t happen. I want to focus the nation on an all
out effort to reduce racial disparities in education, employment, income,
wealth, health, home ownership and business ownership. I am committed
to both doing what we know needs to be done now – and to leading the
effort to find new solutions.
Bush: I strongly support diversity, including racial diversity
in higher education. I am pleased the Court made clear that colleges
and universities must engage in a serious, good faith consideration
of workable, race neutral alternatives to promote diversity. Although
much progress has been made, we should not be satisfied with the current
numbers of minorities on American college campuses. University officials
have the responsibility and the obligation to make a serious, effective
effort to reach out to students from all walks of life, without falling
back on unconstitutional quotas. Schools should seek diversity by considering
a broad range of factors in admissions, including a student’s potential
and their life experiences. I support affirmative access, which aggressively
reaches out to minorities, is inclusive of all races, provides equal
opportunity, and promotes diversity. I do not support racial quotas,
preferences, or set-asides, which perpetuate divisions and can lead
people to question the accomplishments of successful minorities.
TBC: Because far more Black females are attending colleges
and universities, many – perhaps most – HBCUs have Black female majorities.
Would you support Black gender-based preference at HBCUs as a means
of increasing the number of Black males attending these institutions?
At non-HBCUs?
Bush: As stated above, I do not support unconstitutional preferences
because they can perpetuate stereotypes and cause further divisions
in society. Schools should seek diversity by considering a broad range
of factors in admissions, including a student’s potential and life
experiences.
Kerry: In New York City, 50 percent of Black males are unemployed.
In order to successfully implement a program geared towards producing
an educated and motivated American people, funding for educational
opportunities has to start at an early age. We haven’t met the promise
of the Brown vs. Board of Education decision when too few African
Americans are finishing high school, and only 18 percent are graduating
college. Our children will never have equal opportunity unless, once
and for all, we close the ever-widening achievement gap. We know the
answer is both higher expectations and greater resources. You cannot
promise no child left behind and then pursue policies that leave millions
of children behind. America can do better. And we will by lifting more
of our people out of poverty, expanding the middle class, providing
health care, and bringing jobs, hope and opportunity to all the neighborhoods
of the forgotten America. America must reaffirm the value of inclusion,
equality, and diversity in our schools and across the nation by opening
doors of opportunity, so that more of our young people will pursue
a higher education.
TBC: Harvard University reports that 8% of its students are African
Americans. Of this 8%, only 3% are Americans, descendants of American
slaves. For reporting a university’s diversity, is it proper to report
international Blacks and American descendants of slaves as a single
unit or a single category called "African American"?
Kerry: Where a university reports the representation of African
Americans, the reporting should be accurate.
Bush: Every college and university should want to report the
racial demographic makeup of their institution and should make serious
efforts to reach out to minorities of both American and international
descent. Just as it is in the interest of colleges and universities
to reach out to minorities, it is also in the interest of colleges
and universities to reach out to both American descendents of slavery
and international students to ensure a diverse student population.
TBC: If you could do so without being heavy handed or intrusive,
would you be willing to ask institutions of higher learning to focus
as much on increasing their exposure of all students to minority cultures
through their curriculum offerings as on increasing the number of minority
students? Would NEH be a legitimate tool for encouraging the development
of college courses on minority cultures under your administration?
Bush: The Federal Government does not determine the curriculums
of colleges and universities. However, we are providing flexible funding
for our Nation’s colleges and universities to help them develop the
best curriculum possible for their students.
Kerry: America’s diversity enriches our communities and our
country. I support strong efforts at colleges to educate our students
about America’s many communities and at the same time to foster the
core values that bring us together as Americans.
TBC: According to a report of the National Science Foundation,
African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans make up
only 5% of graduate engineering/science students. As President would
you do anything specifically designed to increase minority participation
in graduate engineering/science programs? Would your administration
encourage NSF to develop means of increasing the number of minority
graduate engineers and scientists?
Kerry: America will only prosper in the global economy if we
give every child a world-class education. Our current efforts to educate
and prepare Americans to thrive in an increasingly technological society
are totally inadequate. This is particularly true among our nation’s
minorities. I have a plan to invest in K-12 math and science education,
reward colleges for increasing the number of science and engineering
degrees, and create state-of-the-art online learning technologies that
allow hardworking American workers to get high-quality training and
education at a time, place, and pace that works for them.
Bush: The under-representation of minorities in science and
technological fields deprives us of the contributions of many talented
Americans and diminishes our Nation’s competitiveness. Many prominent
African Americans that serve in my administration have math, science,
and engineering backgrounds. An example is Deputy Administrator of
NASA Fred Gregory, a former Air Force combat pilot in Vietnam and an
accomplished astronaut. Minority institutions provide an important
educational opportunity for minority students, particularly in science
and engineering. My Administration has worked diligently to uphold
the 1998 amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965, Section 307,
offering aid to minority institutions to address the under-representation
of minorities in science and technological fields. I have also supported
enhancing opportunities for young people to study math and science
in high school.
TBC: Black college graduates still earn less than the average
earned by college-educated White men doing the same professional work.
As President would you have any influence over disparities in income
for people doing the same or similar work.
Bush: We must promote equal opportunity throughout the Nation.
Providing a strong education for all Americans is the best way to level
the playing field and narrow the achievement gap, improving opportunity
for future employment. My Administration will continue to vigorously
enforce Federal employment laws.
Kerry: One of our nation’s most pressing civil rights battles
involves ensuring equal access to good jobs. John Edwards and I intend
to bring fairness back to the work place. More than a million Americans
who were working three years ago have lost their jobs. African-American
unemployment is double the rate for Whites. And the new jobs finally
being created pay an average of $9,000 less a year. We have a plan
to bring equal opportunity to all Americans, increase minimum wage,
reward companies that create jobs in America, strengthen the middle
class, invest in the jobs of the future, and restore fiscal discipline
to Washington. The Bush administration has lost credibility with African-American
communities because it has failed to deliver over the past four years
and has taken actions that hurt the community. Despite promises, the
Bush administration has done nothing as workers have lost jobs as college
has drifted out of reach, and health disparities increase. Instead
the Bush administration has cut funding for college aid, eliminated
dropout prevention programs and opposed Affirmative Action. John Edwards
and I will unite the country – we are going to enact policy that will
bring us together and move America forward.
TBC: More and more African-American children are trapped in
the cycle of poverty, crime, and government dependency. Can you give
our readers your perception of this growing African-American underclass
and some indication of how you would end it?
Kerry: The American people need jobs, a strong economy, and
affordable health care. When I am in the White House we are going to
stop being the only industrial nation on the face of the earth that
doesn’t understand that health care is not a privilege for the wealthy,
the connected or the elected. Today, minorities in America continue
to live sicker and die younger. We’ve got a plan to get the waste and
greed out of our health care system by cutting premiums by up to $1,000,
and providing insurance to 27 million Americans, including all children.
America can go in a new direction. We can make it better. The neighborhood
you are born in shouldn’t determine your opportunity for high-quality
education or success. I believe that, given a fair chance and real
resources, all children can thrive. It will take work. It will take
resources. It will take real leadership. President Bush looked us in
the eye and promised that he would leave no child behind. He didn’t
put his money where his mouth is.
I refuse to accept the status quo. I will establish an Education Trust
Fund that will provide full mandatory funding for the No Child Left
Behind Act and for the Federal Government’s share of special education.
If elected I will not go back to the kids in low-performing inner city
schools and say sorry, you’re on your own, but instead will provide
support and resources, and demand accountability for improvement. The status
quo for many of our schools – particularly in inner city areas – is
simply not acceptable. We have to do better. Fifty years after Brown
v Board of Education, in too many painful ways, America is still
a house divided; too many Americans continue to be separate and unequal
in health status, educational achievement, and living standards. What
we really need is a leader who doesn’t just point fingers and complain
about problems. We need someone who is willing to roll up their sleeves
every day and work for solutions.
Bush: I want to create an ownership society. My Administration
firmly believes that giving people ownership over all aspects of their
lives – finances, education, and career—will give them the tools they
need to break the cycle of government dependency. The best way to succeed
is with a good education. Education is the path to success. That is
why we are fighting so hard to improve the Nation’s schools through
NCLB, ensuring that our public schools teach all of our Nation’s students
to be proficient in reading and math. My plan includes improved opportunities
in pre-school, elementary, and high school. My Administration has worked
tirelessly to increase the number of African Americans owning their
own homes, building up and strengthening this Nation’s training programs
and institutions of higher learning, making them more accessible to
African Americans so that they can acquire the skills they need to
succeed. In addition, I believe that government can give out money,
but it cannot give hope. We support the works of community- and faith-based
organizations that reach out to neighbors and communities. We need
to level the playing field for those organizations that are most effectively
helping people trapped in poverty end that cycle of dependence.
TBC: Is fostering Black culture as an identifiable culture
distinct from White culture something your administration could comfortably
do?
Bush: The Black-American experience is historically different
from those of other cultures. Our Nation must recognize that while
there has been a great deal of pain for African Americans, Black culture
is also vibrant and rich, and represents an important and proud part
of our Nation’s past, present, and future. The culture of Black Americans
has brought great beauty into this world. And the contributions – scientific,
cultural, educational, and economic – of so many men and women have
built a legacy that makes our Nation proud. Every February, the United
States honors the rich heritage of African Americans during National
African American History Month, and pays tribute to their many contributions
to our Nation. Every day, we appreciate how African Americans have
played a central role in some of the most triumphant and courageous
moments in our Nation’s history. Last December, with wide bipartisan
support of Congress, I signed a law that will establish the first National
Museum of African American History and Culture on our National Mall
in Washington, D.C. When it is built, this remarkable museum will serve
as a tribute to Black culture in America and will remind visitors of
both the suffering and the triumph of African Americans, the hurt that
was overcome and the barriers that are being cast away. It will serve
as a lasting tribute to our shared belief as a Nation that “All men
are created equal.”
Kerry: I love this country because we can celebrate our differences
yet recognize that we are one as Americans. Black culture is an American
culture and should be honored.
This feature is from The BLACK COLLEGIAN Magazine First Semester
Super Issue, available for free at college career offices nationwide
in late October.