The Environmental Protection
Agency held a public hearing in Atlanta on September 5 on whether
or not to tighten federal standards on ground level ozone, the
main ingredient in smog. A half-dozen environmental justice
scholars and activists from the National Black Environmental
Justice Network, Clark Atlanta University, Morehouse School
of Medicine, Dillard University, and members of the Metropolitan
Atlanta Transportation Equity Alliance, a local grassroots group
that works on public transit and minority health, called for
stricter regulations to clean up the nation’s dirty air.
Tougher Standards
Needed to Protect the Most Vulnerable
EPA is proposing a reduction
to between 0.070 and 0.075 parts per million (ppm). However,
the agency’s own Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee
(CASAC), an independent body of ozone scientists chartered under
the Clean Air Act, concluded that the current ozone standard
is not adequate to protect human health and unanimously recommended
that the EPA set a new tougher standard in the range of .060
to .070 ppm. Epidemiological and clinical studies reveal that
breathing ozone at concentrations at the current standard of
0.080 ppm, decreases lung function, increases respiratory symptoms,
inflammation, and increases susceptibility to respiratory infection.
Ozone has adverse lung function and cardiovascular effects and
can kill even at 0.060 ppm.
A slew of industry representatives,
along with a high-ranking official from the National Conference
of Black Mayors, urged EPA to keep its current standard. Industry
leaders and NCBM claim tougher standard will hurt economic growth.
“Cleaner air is important to our communities, but it is
not the only thing that affects the health of our people. The
health and welfare of our communities is also dependent on having
good jobs, economic growth and the quality of life that goes
with it,” said Vanessa Williams, NCBM executive director,
speaking on behalf of NCBM president Mayor George L. Grace.
NCBM president Grace is
the mayor of St. Gabriel, Louisiana, a mostly black (72 percent)
town of 5,500 residents, located in Iberville Parish (49.7 percent
black). St. Gabriel is situated in the heart of Louisiana’s
petrochemical corridor, also known as “Cancer Alley,”
an 85-mile stretch that runs along the Mississippi River from
Baton Rouge to New Orleans. The Baton Rouge Metropolitan area,
includes the parishes of East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge,
Ascension, Livingston, and Iberville, is on this list. The Baton
Rouge area is classified as a serious non-attainment area.
According to EPA’s
2005 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), industrial facilities in
tiny St. Gabriel emitted 743,071 pounds of chemical releases
and 4.1 million pounds of waste from various stationary sources.
While St. Gabriel makes up just 16 percent of the Iberville
Parish population, nearly 22 percent of the chemical releases
and just under half (46 percent) of the total waste generation
is found there.
Burying Myths, Not
People
The “stigma of being
designated non-attainment,” according to Williams “would
have a disparate impact on those communities undertaking economic
revitalization efforts and rebuilding, like those in the Gulf
Coast in the Aftermath of Katrina. Such impacts manifest themselves
in the form of increased costs to industry, permitting delays,
restrictions on industrial expansion within an area, impacts
on transportation planning, increased costs to consumers and
for commercial and consumer products.”
The idea that nonattainment
will hurt economic growth is just not true. EPA’s Myths
& Facts about Nonattainment fact sheet makes this point.
According to EPA, “nonattainment emissions controls are
designed to help areas improve air quality even as they grow.
Counties surrounding Atlanta, for example, have grown as much
as 123 percent over the past decade while, the number of exceedances
(of the existing 1-hour standard) have dropped more than 85
percent. Areas are able to improve their air quality without
inhibiting economic growth.”
The position taken by the
polluting industry and by NCBM is not supported by the facts.
Given the severity of air pollution problems in cities with
black mayors and other locales with large concentrations of
African Americans, one would hope the NCBM and other black organization
leaders would be calling for stronger standards and cleaner
air. “The National Conference of Black Mayors evidently
is not speaking for the people they represent,” stated
Beverly Wright, director of the Dillard University’s Deep
South Center for Environmental Justice in New Orleans. Wright,
a well-known expert on Louisiana’s chemical corridor and
Hurricane Katrina survivor, recommended EPA set the standard
at 0.060 ppm to protect the most vulnerable population in our
society. “I heard the NCBM speaker talk about the ‘stigma
of nonattainment'. The only stigma we’re concerned about
is that African Americans are at the highest risk for getting
sick and even dying from ozone pollution. When I get back to
New Orleans, I am going to ask my mayor what is his position
on EPA ozone standards.”
Opponents also argue tougher
ozone standards will hurt the economy with few associated health
benefits. Again, EPA shattered this myth. According to the agency,
improved air quality means people live longer, healthier, more
productive lives - and this builds a stronger economy. EPA analyses,
based on recent monitoring data, show that meeting the ozone
standard can prevent - every year, hundreds of emergency room
visits for asthma, thousands of hospital admissions for asthma
and other lung diseases - and about half of these hospital admissions
are in young children, hundreds of thousands of school absences
and more than a million days when people have to reduce their
activity - and their productivity - because they are suffering
from reduced lung function and other ozone-related respiratory
symptoms.
It’s About
Public Health Stupid
Opponents of more stringent
ozone standards are bent on using faulty economic arguments
to make their point. The courts solidly rejected industry arguments
that the health benefits of cleaner air must be balanced against
the costs of compliance. The Clean Air Act requires that the
EPA set the standard to protect public health “with an
adequate margin of safety,” to protect sensitive populations
that respond at lower concentrations than healthy adults. In
2002, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that protecting health
was the only basis for the standard –not compromise, economic
tradeoffs, or balancing acts that subject millions of Americans
to unnecessary environmental health threats — in this
case dangerous ozone.
Air pollution threatens
the health of millions of Americans, especially those who live
in urban areas. More than half of the U.S. population lives
in counties with unsafe air. In 2002, 71 percent of African
Americans lived in counties that violated federal air pollution
standards, compared to 58 percent of the white population.
Ground-level ozone or smog
affects more than 158 million Americans in ten of the eleven
most populous states (California, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan,
New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and
Texas). Children are hit especially hard by ozone pollution.
More than 61.3 percent of African American children, 69.2 percent
of Hispanic children and 67.7 percent of Asian-American children
live in areas that exceed the 0.080 ppm ozone standard, while
50.8 percent of white children live in such areas. Air pollution
claims 70,000 lives a year, nearly twice the number killed in
traffic accidents.
Public health costs due
to air pollution account for over three-quarters of the total
pollution-related public health costs and could be as high as
$182 billion annually. An estimated 50,000 to 120,000 premature
deaths are associated with exposure to air pollutants. People
with asthma experience more than 100 million days of restrictive
activity annually, costing $4 billion a year. Getting sick is
even more problematic for people of color who are more likely
than whites to be uninsured. One-third of Hispanics and one-fifth
of blacks were uninsured in 2006, compared with just over ten
percent of whites. The Hispanic uninsured rate rose to 34.1
percent in 2006 from 32.3 percent in 2005, and the black uninsured
rate rose to 20.3 percent in 2006 from 18.7 percent in 2005.
The number of uninsured, as well as the rate without health
insurance, remained statistically unchanged in 2006 for whites.
Vulnerable populations,
such as children, are at special risk from ozone. One of every
four American child lives in areas that regularly exceed the
U.S. EPA’s ozone standards. Over 27 million children under
age 13 live in areas with ozone levels above the EPA standard.
And half the pediatric asthma population, two million children,
live in these areas.
Geography of Pollution
High ozone levels cause
more than 50,000 emergency room visits each year and result
in 15,000 hospitalizations for respiratory illnesses. Ozone
pollution is responsible for 10 percent to 20 percent, and nearly
50 percent on bad days, of all hospital admissions for respiratory
conditions. Moreover, ground level ozone sends an estimated
53,000 persons to the hospital, 159,000 to the emergency room
and triggers 6,200,000 asthma attacks each summer in the eastern
half of the United States — where the bulk of the black
mayors and the black population reside.
There are 19 cities with
populations over 100,000 that have majority (over 50%) African-American
populations. These majority (over 50%) African-American cities
are located in the 14 states: Alabama, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland,
Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Tennessee,
Virginia, District of Columbia, California, Georgia. All of
these states, except California, are either adjacent to or are
east of the Mississippi River.
There are 27 states and
the District of Columbia that have African American mayors.
The ten largest cities with black mayors include, Philadelphia,
PA, Detroit, MI, Columbus, OH, Memphis, TN, Baltimore, MD, Washington,
DC, New Orleans, LA, Cleveland, OH, Atlanta, GA, and Oakland,
CA. All of these cities have major ozone pollution and asthma
problems. The asthma epidemic hits African Americans especially
hard:
- Asthma attacks send
African Americans to the emergency room at three times
the rate (174.3 visits per 10,000 population) of whites
(59.4 visits per 10,000 population)
- African Americans
are hospitalized for asthma at more than three times the
rate of whites (35.6 admissions per 10,000 population
vs. 10.6 admissions per 10,000 population)
- The death rate from
asthma for African Americans is twice that of whites (38.7
deaths per million population vs. 14.2 deaths per million
population
In 2004, an estimated 3.5
million African Americans had asthma. African Americans have
the highest asthma prevalence of any racial/ethic group; the
asthma prevalence rate among Blacks is 36 percent higher than
that for whites.
African Americans make
up about 12 percent of the U.S. population but account for 25
percent of the 4,099 deaths attributed to asthma in 2003.
Transportation
and Air Pollution
The EPA reports that motor
vehicles are responsible for nearly one half of smog-forming
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), more than half the nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions, and about half the toxic air pollutant
emissions in the United States. They now account for 75 percent
of carbon monoxide emissions nationwide. Atlanta, dubbed the
“Black Mecca,” has a serious ozone problem. Nearly
half (48.6 percent) of the region’s air pollution is from
cars and heavy-duty vehicles, which each year spew over 1.5
million tons of pollutants. More cars translate into more traffic
gridlock, more air pollution, and more illnesses. Transportation-related
air pollution sources exact a major financial toll on the Atlanta
region, with public health costs estimated to be as high as
$637 million.
Efforts to reduce downtown
traffic congestion in Atlanta during the 1996 Olympic Games
resulted in decreased traffic density which, in turn, resulted
in a reduction in ozone pollution and significantly lower rates
of childhood asthma events. The number of asthma acute care
events decreased 41.6% (4.23 vs 2.47 daily events) in the Georgia
Medicaid claims file, 44.1% (1.36 vs 0.76 daily events) in a
health maintenance organization database, 11.1% (4.77 vs 4.24
daily events) in 2 pediatric emergency departments, and 19.1%
(2.04 vs 1.65 daily hospitalizations) in the Georgia Hospital
Discharge Database.
In 2007 (between May 1 and
September 13), metro Atlanta experienced forty-seven smog alerts
— 34 “orange” days and 13 “red”
days for ozone, particulate matter, or both. This year, Atlanta
was named the top Asthma Capital in the Asthma and Allergy Foundation
of America’s annual ranking of the 100 most challenging
places to live with asthma.
While car owners may occasionally
choose not to drive, those without cars really do not have a
choice of not breathing the air. Nearly 35 percent of Atlanta’s
African Americans do not own a car. They use public transit.
When the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA)
was conceived and created in the 1960s, many whites jokingly
referred to it as “Moving African Rapidly Through Atlanta.”
The system was originally conceived to cover five counties (Fulton,
DeKalb, Cobb, Clayton, and Gwinnett). Only Fulton and DeKalb
residents voted to join MARTA and pay the one-cent sales tax.
Suburban counties surrounding
Atlanta (Cobb, Gwinnett, and Clayton), instead of joining MARTA,
later created their own “separate and unequal” bus
systems, ushering in a form of transportation apartheid that
has, for decades, contributed to more car dependency, more traffic
gridlock, dirtier air, more respiratory illnesses, less mobility,
and widening economic and racial disparities in the region.
Enforcing stronger federal ozone standards and providing more
alternatives to automobile travel will go a long way in improving
air quality, public health and livability of the entire Atlanta
metro region, a region that led all others in its black population
gains during the 1990s and the 2000-2004 time period. The region
added more than 183,000 blacks residents during this period.
It’s a matter of growing
smarter and growing healthier. The right to breathe clean air
is a basic human right that should be protected for Americans,
whether we live in cities, suburbs, or rural areas.
This article was originally
published on DissidentVoice.org.
Robert D. Bullard directs
the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University.
His latest book is Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities,
Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity (MIT Press 2007).
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