For
a fleeting moment, it seemed like the conditions of Asian-Americans
would get some overdue and deserved attention—even if prompted
by a national tragedy. On March 16, a white gunman fatally shot eight
innocent people including 6 Asian immigrants working at three
different spas in Atlanta, Georgia. In the few weeks since the lives
of these women have been overshadowed by 50 mass shootings in this
country.
The
motive in the Atlanta shootings has not been definitively uncovered.
It appears to be part of a growing tide of hate against Asians,
unilaterally blamed because the genesis of COVID-19 was the Wuhan
Province in China. China is but one continent, albeit the largest,
and Asians are no monolith.
Asian
American Pacific Islanders (AAPI) is a more accurate and inclusive
term to describe ancestry. It is a rich mosaic of nationalities,
cultures and languages. Asian American and Pacific Islanders is also
used to describe people who trace their origin to the respective
regions and their diasporas.
The
latest rash of anti-Asian sentiment was fueled by donald trump,
scapegoating AAPI to deflect from his incompetence as the sitting
president and refusing to address the national pandemic.
Historically, tensions between oppressed nationalities in the country
have been stoked by the racialized capitalist system to ensure that
we stay busy fighting each other and not unite against our common
enemy.
It
was this recent salting of wounds that angered the two of us because
it is such a misrepresentation of our individual histories in the
U.S. as well as our shared history. It is a history as tragic as it
is triumphant. Our histories together are complicated, made more
antagonistic by our existence as oppressed peoples in the United
States.
The
same ships brought enslaved Africans and indentured Chinese to this
country for the purpose of economic exploitation. The Southern
economy was built upon the forced, free labor of Black people while
the Chinese were paid pennies to build the transcontinental railroad
under brutal working conditions.
Our
first recorded interactions go all the back to the 18th
century when Spanish colonizers of the Philippines forced the men to
Mexico where they worked in the shipyards or the mines. Rebellious
Filipino workers escaped to the Louisiana swamps where they hooked up
with fugitive slaves known as Maroons. Juan San Malo was the fearless
leader of the Maroons who was committed to their liberation from
French and Spanish colonizers. Malo was eventually captured and taken
to what is now New Orleans. He was hung in front of St. Louis
Cathedral in 1784. The Filipinos named its fishing village after Malo
and it is believed to the first Filipino settlement in the U.S.
Unfortunately, Saint Malo was completely destroyed by the 1915
hurricane obscuring the history of mutual struggle for freedom by
Asians and Africans brought to this country against their will.
In
his book, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor and Sugar in the Age of
Emancipation, Moon-Ho Jung goes into vivid detail about the
relationships between Chinese (coolies) and enslaved Africans in the
mid-late 1800s. In this case, it was Chinese migrants who ended up in
the Louisiana sugar cane fields working alongside African Americans
after the Civil War. Jung chronicles how these workers were viewed
and used in the expansion of post-war industrial capitalism. The
author recounts the struggle for the two groups to build genuine
solidarity while resisting exploitation and wage theft at the same
time.
The
fight against colonial rule of the Philippines continued during the
Philippines-American War. Black leaders like Ida B. Wells had no
problem condemning the racist oppression and exploitation by the same
country that continued a new form of slavery of her people.
While
abolitionist Frederick Douglass could not predict the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882 was around the corner, he was acutely aware of
the discrimination against the Chinese when he penned his speech in
1869 entitled "The Composite Nation" where he advocated for
Chinese and Japanese immigration. Douglass asserted that all who were
in this country—however they got here-- deserved full rights
and citizenship.
Politically
conscious Black Americans slammed President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
executive order in 1942 that hauled all U.S. citizens of Japanese
descent into concentration camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
That action was the culmination of a long history of racist and
discriminatory treatment of Asian people since the 1880s. Japanese
Americans were given about a week to sell all their property and
report for their terrifying imprisonment.
The
Emergency Detention Act of 1950 was repealed as a result of
Black-Asian solidarity during the height of the Vietnam War when many
activists believed it would be used against Black radicals as
Franklin’s Executive Order 9066 was used against Japanese
Americans.
Many
know of Grace Lee Boggs who was married to Detroit autoworker and
organizer James Boggs. They were rooted in the struggle of the Black
working class and devoted their lives to justice and equality. Many
do not know that it was Yuri Kochiyama who comforted a dying Malcolm
X at the Audubon Ballroom after assassins’ bullets pierced his
body. In her book, Heartbeat of Struggle, Yuri talks about her
movement work and the important relationships she made with African
Americans. Her relationship with Malcolm X was probably the most
transformative one.
The
biggest act of solidarity that happened in our two lifetimes was
opposition to the Vietnam War. Banners and bodacious chants abounded
declaring “No Vietnamese ever called me nigger.”
Heavy-weight boxing champ Muhammad Ali refused to be drafted and paid
a hefty price for his anti-imperialist stance. Who can forget Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous speech opposing the Vietnam War
at Riverside Church delivered exactly one year before his
assassination? Black student groups and civil rights organizations
joined anti-war coalitions all over the country to express their
opposition to the war at a time when they were being denied their
civil rights at home.
It
was an organic political convergence when three nationality-based
organizations of primarily Asian Americans, African Americans and
Chicanos formed the League of Revolutionary Struggle (LRS). These
organizations, I Wor Kuen (IWK), Congress of African People (CAP) and
August 29th Movement (ATM), built a multi-racial revolutionary
organization, united around a Marxist-Leninist ideology. The League
can cite many successful campaigns for social justice and worker
victories as a result of our liberation strategy.
The
Jesse Jackson Presidential campaigns of 1984 and 1988, was another
significant coalescence of peoples of all nationalities, uniting a
Rainbow Coalition, within which Asians played a significant role in
the campaigns.
Asian
and Black Americans have endured a rocky existence in America. Our
citizenships have been challenged literally and figuratively; our
non-whiteness reviled at every turn. We have been attacked for taking
white jobs and demanded to go back where we came from. We have a
shared history of struggle.
This
does not mean this relationship is without conflict or contradiction.
Our instincts do not always sniff out the divide-and-conquer tactics
by our common oppressors. For example, Japanese Americans in Los
Angeles were snatched out of their homes for imprisonment at the same
time Black migration to the west was happening. Black workers were
welcomed to fulfill jobs left open by their Asian counterparts, yet
housing was a challenge. The only place Black families could live
were the vacant homes in Little Tokyo. In a short period of time,
many Black families came, and the name eventually changed to
Bronzeville. Japanese American families returned to their old
neighborhood in 1946 to find it bursting at the seam with a thriving
Black community. In retrospect, this was a stone-cold setup designed
to drive a wedge between the two racial groups. Some of those
unresolved emotions emerged during the LA rebellions after the
beat-down of Rodney King and Korean American shops were targeted for
vandalism.
A
new generation of Black and Asian activists continue to build upon
the positive aspects of the past, seeking common ground and building
relationships to dismantle systems of racist oppression. We study
together, live together, work together, have families together, vote
together and fight together. We are showing up for each other on the
battlefronts of justice but also experiencing the social and cultural
life of one another.
Together,
we must challenge the racist stereotypes and narratives about one
another in the media and across social media—whenever and
wherever they raise their ugly heads. Our nearly 250-year
relationship demands that we challenge divisive manipulation that
fosters race and class mistrust and disunity. Our relationships and
the power of our unity transcends a nail salon conflict.
The
task ahead is to put our cultural and political differences in
perspective and understand who benefits from our disunity. We have
documented shared histories and shared oppressors. Those of us who
know this have studied the past and vowed not to repeat it. The
journey to the “compost nation” that Frederick Douglass
talked about is all about building a democracy that values the lives,
human rights and contributions of its most marginalized citizens.
This is a unique opportunity for Blacks and Asian Americans to come
together to provide the illuminating leadership needed in this
moment.
Robin
McDowell was a valued contributor to this article.
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