Every
country in the world has its cross to bear: The U.S. has the Trump
Administration and the possibility that it will bring the country to
the brink of collapse, but there are many nations that are facing
their own crises, such as Kenya and the rest of East Africa.
At
first glance, it might seem that the two nations have separate and
unconnected reasons for their very serious problems, but it’s
worth another hard and long look. The Inter Press Service (IPS)
reported this week that “at least one million children in Kenya
are in dire need of food aid due to drought,” and that the
number of people who are acutely food insecure has risen to 2.7
million, up from two million last month.
The
extended drought in the region has put 11 million in Kenya, Somalia,
and Ethiopia “in urgent need of aid,” according to IPS,
which went on to point out that 11,000 head of livestock of so many
pastoral groups in the region are facing imminent death because of
the lack of water and pasture. The Kenyan Drought Management
Authority also warned that pastoral communities could lose up to 90
percent of their livestock by April.
That
the situation is dire is an extreme understatement, because the
effects of the disaster come down most heavily on the children. IPS
reported the prevalence of “acute malnutrition” in four
counties in northern Kenya. The nation’s Ministry of Health,
told IPS that “at least 45 percent of deaths among children
under five years of age is caused by nutrition related issues.”
So goes the report by IPS of the situation: Drought, crop failure,
untold percentages of families foraging for roots and other wild
plants that may be toxic, to be able to fill the bellies of their
children with something. Add to that the dirty water used to boil up
the questionable brew that comes from rivers and streams that have
dried up for lack of rain for so many years.
Although
the IPS story reports on the lack of rain, loss of crops in
consecutive years, failure of nations to plant the trees that would
combat desertification, it does not mention the effects of land grabs
of African lands by rich nations or their predatory corporations, in
many cases, taking some of the most productive lands from farmers and
pastoralists. It is not because they were not forewarned about the
effects on the local environments of these land grabs, some of which
involved 99-year leases for pennies per acre or hectare, or outright
purchase of some of the best land in the countries.
In
2010, the Guardian newspaper, reported, “But Ethiopia is only
one of 20 or more African countries where land is being bought or
leased for intensive agriculture on an immense scale in what may be
the greatest change of ownership since the colonial era. An Observer
investigation estimates that up to 50m hectares (that’s more
than 100 million acres) of land – an area more than double the
size of the UK – has been acquired in the last few years or is
in the process of being negotiated by governments and wealthy
investors working with state subsidies. The data used was collected
by Grain, the International Institute for Environment and
Development, the International Land Coalition, ActionAid and other
non-governmental groups. The land rush, which is still accelerating,
has been triggered by the worldwide food shortages which followed the
sharp oil price rises in 2008, growing water shortages and the
European Union's insistence that 10 percent of all transport fuel
must come from plant-based biofuels by 2015.”
So,
because of the dwindling of water resources and productive
agricultural farmland in European and Middle Eastern countries, they
have turned their sights to places where there is little to no
resistance to takeovers of vast amounts of land and, once again,
those with the most money and power are able to work their will on
indigenous, pastoral, and agricultural peoples, who may never know
what was coming to them (banishment from their ancestral homelands),
until they see the trucks and bulldozers and tractors and other
construction equipment moving into their territories to take over and
displace them. While some of them may be offered low-paying jobs
producing thousands of tons of vegetables and fruit per week destined
for the Middle East, Europe, or elsewhere, they lose their livelihood
on the land and even their culture. The routine is that
transnational corporations and governments make the deals with the
heads of the weaker or poorer governments and the people are left to
be surprised when they are ousted.
Just
to make sure that the connection is clearly made, the US. experiences
its own form of transfer of wealth, power, and resources, in the
“free market” global trade. For example, China is facing
a shortage of water of its own and, for now, the U.S. has a
substantial supply of water (dwindling, but substantial) and, since
it would be folly to try to ship water to China, the U.S.
government’s “free market” policy is such that the
water is sent to China or other countries by raising chickens, for
example, and shipping them to China. Problem solved, but “free
market” governments are simply putting off the ultimate
catastrophe that running out of potable water will bring about.
The
problem in the U.S., as in Kenya and the rest of East Africa, is that
the rich and their corporations have taken over a large proportion of
the economy and the people have little control over the main thrust
of the economy or politics. This has been going on over generations,
but the current situation is most serious, since, with Trump at the
helm, the billionaire class is securely in control of the economy and
the politics. Billionaires and the generals are running the
government, and no outcome from Trump other than what is happening in
Kenya and East Africa is to be expected. However, neither Trump nor
any other president has had to come with a grand scheme for disposal
of smallholder farms. Rather, over a long period of time, the
so-called free market has worked its wonders and removed small farms
from the picture, in favor of corporate farms that are factories,
rather than integral parts of the communities where they exist. One
only has to look at what happened to American black farmers in the
20th Century. They numbered about 920,000 at the
beginning of the century and, by the 1970s were down to some 18,000
and had lost much of their land.
In
2010, Vandana Shiva, an Indian ecologist and champion of small farms
and biodiversity, warned about large-scale industrial agriculture in
developing countries. They require, she said, quantities of chemical
pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, as well as intensive water use.
The infrastructure that goes with it also sounds the death knell for
indigenous communities, since there is the need for truck and rail
transport, as well as storage, for the massive production. She
called the foreign investors’ food production operations
“mono-cultural plantations.” It has come to pass and it
continues in places around the world. It happens that Africa has
many nations in which the land is fertile and abundant and the
leaders are open to “investment” by foreign powers,
whether governmental or corporate.
The
hunger and impending starvation that await the peoples of Kenya and
the rest of East Africa could be mitigated, if not avoided, by
infusions of assistance to the people who produce their own food on
their own land, but who could use some aspects of modern technology
to feed their own people and provide food exports to the nations that
are buying up the land to take the food to lands far away. But the
lure of cheap land and the theft of the peoples’ water is too
much to resist. In many African countries, the long-term leases can
be had for as little as 50 cents an acre, per year.
Overall,
the problem is the burgeoning “global economy,” which can
send money around the world in a heartbeat and, thus, buy
individuals, community rights, cultural rights, and the right to land
and water. Illegitimate it may be, but it is effective. The peoples
of the affected countries have no money and no wealth to fight off
the depredations of the powerful and they are left standing there,
watching as greenhouses are constructed in some places that are as
big as six football fields, inside of which hundreds of people will
work to produce untold tons of food per day that will be sent abroad.
And, the workers may not benefit at all. Many call it
neo-colonialism and many say it is imperialism by any other name.
Whatever
it is called, the people are suffering and on the verge of starvation
and it is not just the natural disaster of drought and excessive heat
caused by climate change, and it is hard to ignore the part that is
played by the land grabs that are occurring with greater frequency.
Worst
of all, the poorer countries can’t look to the “leader of
the free world” for assistance of any kind, especially since
Trump has declared that anything that he does puts “America
First,” and the rest can just trail behind. The world fears
that “America First” slogan of a billionaire president,
who has surrounded himself with other billionaires, generals, and
sycophants. The thin-skinned and racist chief executive spends his
time keeping watch on the “free press” that he hates,
rather than trying to solve the problems of real people in his own
country, let alone help those in mortal danger in East Africa. He
has surrounded himself in his administration with climate-change
deniers, so it is not likely that he will acknowledge the dire threat
of climate change and help his own citizens, let alone come to the
assistance of Kenyans or other Africans.
If
he were remotely aware of the destructive consequences of the land
grabs, it’s likely that all he would say is: “Let the
deal-making begin.”
|