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Cackling Ducks - But I am Still Voting for Malcolm! - Represent Our Resistance - By Dr. Lenore J. Daniels, PhD - BlackCommentator.com Editorial Board

   
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What�s not gone, what occupies the press day after day, impossible to ignore, is the election frenzy.

This seizes the country every four years because we have all been brought up to believe that voting is crucial in determining our destiny, that the most important act a citizen can engage in is to go to the polls and choose one of the two mediocrities who have already been chosen for us. It is a multiple choice test so narrow, so specious, that no self-respecting teacher would give it to students.

-Howard Zinn, �Election Madness,� The Progressive, March 2008

I have not seen a speech of the man in a good long while. I did not vote for him! I do not play in the game that U.S. citizens insist on playing - that game of rushing to the polls every two or four years to vote for the �lesser of the two evils� candidates. Folk paid for predominantly by corporations and Wall Street financiers for the people to select. I called this man the Black face of Empire when he announced his �candidacy� to promote the capitalists and imperialists in this current capitalist crisis. But I watched online at Jon Stewart�s Daily Show, October 2, 2010, as Barrack Obama spoke. If he walked and sounded like a duck in 2007, then he is still walking and sounding like a duck of Empire in 2010!

So he cackles: He feels �great about where the American people are, considering what we�ve been through.� He feels great! He feels great about where those American people are - NOW? Independent journalist, Dave Lindorf�s, claim that reported 9.6% unemployment rate is a fraud is true, if your lived experience in the US. is real. It is more like 17%, Landor reports:

The unemployment figure being reported excludes many people who are clearly unemployed--notably �discouraged� workers who have given up looking for jobs because the effort is pointless, workers who would like to work but can�t find jobs, and workers who hold part-time jobs, but want full-time work. If we add these people to the total, America�s unemployment rate today is over 17%, which is one-in-six working-age people, not the one-in-ten that you get using the more restrictive methodology that gets all the media attention... [i]

Unemployment rates are not just numbers, but Obama has never heard anyone but his Wall Street and Harvard friends. Non-Wall Streeters and non-Harvard people lost their livelihoods, their incomes, homes, health care! People lost whatever they had - before! But �considering what we�ve been through.� Who is �we�? Is he included in the loss of livelihood, income, home, health care? �People are opening businesses, and looking over their families, taking care of their responsibilities.� � In their struggle to remain afloat - they are scrambling! Keep taking on your responsibilities, 90 percent of you Blacks who will vote for me! Keep it up, you who are economically poor! �So there�s still a lot of good stuff happening��

Folks, the president said, are �frustrated.� Just frustrated!

Hey, you know what, you know what�Hey, cackle, cackle, cackle. Hey�I�m everyman of the Empire! �Larry Summer did a heck of a job.�

Sounds like a duck! Larry Summer�s did a �heck of a job� and Obama�s own �heck of a job� as Commander and Chief in Afghanistan and in Pakistan. (But he cannot cackle about the continuation of war, torture, and the killing of civilians on the Daily Show because �we� cannot further frustrate the American public, can we - with the election a few days away?).

Don�t ask and we won�t tell you! Check out the smiling, cackling ducks offer you! Just vote - in our one party system!

Let us return to reality!

Let us return to someone who never was cackling duck!

As I once told a student in one of my classes - Let Malcolm speak to you!

From �Ballot or the Bullet�:

If we don�t do something real soon, I think you�ll have to agree that we�re going to be forced either to use the ballot or the bullet. It�s one or the other in 1964. It isn�t that time is running out - time has run out! [ii]

1964 threatens to be the most explosive year America has ever witnessed. The most explosive year. Why? It�s also a political year. It�s the year when all of the white politicians will be back in the so-called Negro community jiving you and me for some votes. The year when all of the white political crooks will be right back in your and my community with their false promises, building up our hopes for a letdown, with their trickery and their treachery, with their false promises which they don�t intend to keep�

I�m not a politician, not even a student of politics; in fact, I�m not a student of much of anything. I�m not a Democrat. I�m not a Republican, and I don�t even consider myself an American�

Well, I am one who doesn�t believe in deluding myself. I�m not going to sit at your table and watch you eat, with nothing on my plate, and call myself a diner. Sitting at the table doesn�t make you a diner, unless you eat some of what�s on that plate. Being here in America doesn�t make you an American. Being born here in America doesn�t make you an American. Why, if birth made you American, you wouldn�t need any legislation; you wouldn�t need any amendments to the Constitution; you wouldn�t be faced with civil-rights filibustering in Washington, D.C., right now�

No, I�m not an American. I�m one of the 22 million black people who are the victims of Americanism. One of the 22 million black people who are the victims of democracy, nothing but disguised hypocrisy. So, I�m not standing here speaking to you as an American, or a patriot, or a flag-saluter, or a flag-waver - no, not I. I�m speaking as a victim of this American system. And I see America through the eyes of the victim. I don�t see any American dream; I see an American nightmare.

These 22 million victims are waking up. Their eyes are coming open�

lt was the black man�s vote that put the present administration in Washington, D.C. Your vote, your dumb vote, your ignorant vote, your wasted vote put in an administration in Washington, D.C., that has seen fit to pass every kind of legislation imaginable, saving you until last, then filibustering on top of that. And your and my leaders have the audacity to run around clapping their hands and talk about how much progress we�re making. And what a good president we have�

In this present administration they have in the House of Representatives 257 Democrats to only 177 Republicans. They control two-thirds of the House vote. Why can�t they pass something that will help you and me? In the Senate, there are 67 senators who are of the Democratic Party. Only 33 of them are Republicans. Why, the Democrats have got the government sewed up, and you�re the one who sewed it up for them. And what have they given you for it?...

But they�re playing that old con game. One of them makes believe he�s for you, and he�s got it fixed where the other one is so tight against you, he never has to keep his promise�

So it�s time in 1964 to wake up. And when you see them coming up with that kind of conspiracy, let them know your eyes are open. And let them know you - something else that�s wide open too. It�s got to be the ballot or the bullet. The ballot or the bullet. If you�re afraid to use an expression like that, you should get on out of the country; you should get back in the cotton patch; you should get back in the alley. They get all the Negro vote, and after they get it, the Negro gets nothing in return. All they did when they got to Washington was give a few big Negroes big jobs. Those big Negroes didn�t need big jobs, they already had jobs. That�s camouflage, that�s trickery, that�s treachery, window-dressing. I�m not trying to knock out the Democrats for the Republicans. We�ll get to them in a minute. But it is true; you put the Democrats first and the Democrats put you last.

Look at it the way it is. What alibis do they use, since they control Congress and the Senate? What alibi do they use when you and I ask, �Well, when are you going to keep your promise?� They blame the Dixiecrats. What is a Dixiecrat? A Democrat. A Dixiecrat is nothing but a Democrat in disguise. The titular head of the Democrats is also the head of the Dixiecrats, because the Dixiecrats are a part of the Democratic Party. The Democrats have never kicked the Dixiecrats out of the party. The Dixiecrats bolted themselves once, but the Democrats didn�t put them out. Imagine, these lowdown Southern segregationists put the Northern Democrats down. But the Northern Democrats have never put the Dixiecrats down. No, look at that thing the way it is. They have got a con game going on, a political con game, and you and I are in the middle. It�s time for you and me to wake up and start looking at it like it is, and trying to understand it like it is; and then we can deal with it like it is.

The Dixiecrats in Washington, D.C., control the key committees that run the government. The only reason the Dixiecrats control these committees is because they have seniority. The only reason they have seniority is because they come from states where Negroes can�t vote. This is not even a government that�s based on democracy. lt. is not a government that is made up of representatives of the people�

I say again, I�m not anti-Democrat, I�m not anti-Republican, I�m not anti-anything. I�m just questioning their sincerity, and some of the strategy that they�ve been using on our people by promising them promises that they don�t intend to keep. When you keep the Democrats in power, you�re keeping the Dixiecrats in power� A vote for a Democrat is a vote for a Dixiecrat. That�s why, in 1964, it�s time now for you and me to become more politically mature and realize what the ballot is for; what we�re supposed to get when we cast a ballot; and that if we don�t cast a ballot, it�s going to end up in a situation where we�re going to have to cast a bullet. It�s either a ballot or a bullet�

So, what I�m trying to impress upon you, in essence, is this: You and I in America are faced not with a segregationist conspiracy, we�re faced with a government conspiracy. Everyone who�s filibustering is a senator - that�s the government. Everyone who�s finagling in Washington, D.C., is a congressman - that�s the government. You don�t have anybody putting blocks in your path but people who are a part of the government. The same government that you go abroad to fight for and die for is the government that is in a conspiracy to deprive you of your voting rights, deprive you of your economic opportunities, deprive you of decent housing, deprive you of decent education. You don�t need to go to the employer alone, it is the government itself, the government of America that is responsible for the oppression and exploitation and degradation of black people in this country. And you should drop it in their lap. This government has failed the Negro. This so-called democracy has failed the Negro. And all these white liberals have definitely failed the Negro.

So, where do we go from here? First, we need some friends. We need some new allies. The entire civil-rights struggle needs a new interpretation, a broader interpretation. We need to look at this civil-rights thing from another angle - from the inside as well as from the outside�

How can you thank a man for giving you what�s already yours? How then can you thank him for giving you only part of what�s already yours? You haven�t even made progress, if what�s being given to you, you should have had already. That�s not progress� There�s more racial animosity, more racial hatred, more racial violence today in 1964, than there was in 1954. Where is the progress?...

Well, we�re justified in seeking civil rights, if it means equality of opportunity, because all we�re doing there is trying to collect for our investment. Our mothers and fathers invested sweat and blood. Three hundred and ten years we worked in this country without a dime in return - I mean without a dime in return. You let the white man walk around here talking about how rich this country is, but you never stop to think how it got rich so quick. It got rich because you made it rich.

You take the people who are in this audience right now. They�re poor. We�re all poor as individuals. Our weekly salary individually amounts to hardly anything. But if you take the salary of everyone in here collectively, it�ll fill up a whole lot of baskets. It�s a lot of wealth. If you can collect the wages of just these people right here for a year, you�ll be rich - richer than rich. When you look at it like that, think how rich Uncle Sam had to become, not with this handful, but millions of black people. Your and my mother and father, who didn�t work an eight-hour shift, but worked from �can�t see� in the morning until �can�t see� at night, and worked for nothing, making the white man rich, making Uncle Sam rich. This is our investment. This is our contribution, our blood.

Not only did we give of our free labor, we gave of our blood. Every time he had a call to arms, we were the first ones in uniform. We died on every battlefield the white man had. We have made a greater sacrifice than anybody who�s standing up in America today. We have made a greater contribution and have collected less�

I might stop right here to point out one thing. Whenever you�re going after something that belongs to you, anyone who�s depriving you of the right to have it is a criminal. Understand that. Whenever you are going after something that is yours, you are within your legal rights to lay claim to it. And anyone who puts forth any effort to deprive you of that which is yours, is breaking the law, is a criminal. And this was pointed out by the Supreme Court decision. It outlawed segregation.

Which means segregation is against the law. Which means a segregationist is breaking the law. A segregationist is a criminal. You can�t label him as anything other than that. And when you demonstrate against segregation, the law is on your side. The Supreme Court is on your side.

Now, who is it that opposes you in carrying out the law? The police department itself. With police dogs and clubs. Whenever you demonstrate against segregation, whether it is segregated education, segregated housing, or anything else, the law is on your side, and anyone who stands in the way is not the law any longer. They are breaking the law; they are not representatives of the law. Any time you demonstrate against segregation and a man has the audacity to put a police dog on you, kill that dog, kill him, I�m telling you, kill that dog. I say it, if they put me in jail tomorrow, kill that dog. Then you�ll put a stop to it. Now, if these white people in here don�t want to see that kind of action, get down and tell the mayor to tell the police department to pull the dogs in. That�s all you have to do. If you don�t do it, someone else will.

If you don�t take this kind of stand, your little children will grow up and look at you and think �shame.� If you don�t take an uncompromising stand, I don�t mean go out and get violent; but at the same time you should never be nonviolent unless you run into some nonviolence. I�m nonviolent with those who are nonviolent with me. But when you drop that violence on me, then you�ve made me go insane, and I�m not responsible for what I do. And that�s the way every Negro should get. Any time you know you�re within the law, within your legal rights, within your moral rights, in accord with justice, then die for what you believe in. But don�t die alone. Let your dying be reciprocal. This is what is meant by equality. What�s good for the goose is good for the gander.

When we begin to get in this area, we need new friends, we need new allies. We need to expand the civil-rights struggle to a higher level - to the level of human rights. Whenever you are in a civil-rights struggle, whether you know it or not, you are confining yourself to the jurisdiction of Uncle Sam. No one from the outside world can speak out on your behalf as long as your struggle is a civil-rights struggle. Civil rights comes within the domestic affairs of this country. All of our African brothers and our Asian brothers and our Latin-American brothers cannot open their mouths and interfere in the domestic affairs of the United States. And as long as it�s civil rights, this comes under the jurisdiction of Uncle Sam.

But the United Nations has what�s known as the charter of human rights; it has a committee that deals in human rights. You may wonder why all of the atrocities that have been committed in Africa and in Hungary and in Asia, and in Latin America are brought before the UN, and the Negro problem is never brought before the UN. This is part of the conspiracy. This old, tricky blue-eyed liberal who is supposed to be your and my friend, supposed to be in our corner, supposed to be subsidizing our struggle, and supposed to be acting in the capacity of an adviser, never tells you anything about human rights. They keep you wrapped up in civil rights. And you spend so much time barking up the civil-rights tree, you don�t even know there�s a human-rights tree on the same floor.

When you expand the civil-rights struggle to the level of human rights, you can then take the case of the black man in this country before the nations in the UN. You can take it before the General Assembly. You can take Uncle Sam before a world court. But the only level you can do it on is the level of human rights. Civil rights keeps you under his restrictions, under his jurisdiction. Civil rights keeps you in his pocket. Civil rights means you�re asking Uncle Sam to treat you right. Human rights are something you were born with. Human rights are your God-given rights. Human rights are the rights that are recognized by all nations of this earth. And any time any one violates your human rights, you can take them to the world court.

Uncle Sam�s hands are dripping with blood, dripping with the blood of the black man in this country. He�s the earth�s number-one hypocrite. He has the audacity - yes, he has - imagine him posing as the leader of the free world. The free world! And you over here singing �We Shall Overcome.� Expand the civil-rights struggle to the level of human rights. Take it into the United Nations, where our African brothers can throw their weight on our side, where our Asian brothers can throw their weight on our side, where our Latin-American brothers can throw their weight on our side, and where 800 million Chinamen are sitting there waiting to throw their weight on our side.

Let the world know how bloody his hands are. Let the world know the hypocrisy that�s practiced over here. Let it be the ballot or the bullet. Let him know that it must be the ballot or the bullet.

When you take your case to Washington, D.C., you�re taking it to the criminal who�s responsible; it�s like running from the wolf to the fox. They�re all in cahoots together. They all work political chicanery and make you look like a chump before the eyes of the world. Here you are walking around in America, getting ready to be drafted and sent abroad, like a tin soldier, and when you get over there, people ask you what are you fighting for, and you have to stick your tongue in your cheek. No, take Uncle Sam to court, take him before the world.

By ballot I only mean freedom. Don�t you know - I disagree with Lomax on this issue - that the ballot is more important than the dollar? Can I prove it? Yes. Look in the UN. There are poor nations in the UN; yet those poor nations can get together with their voting power and keep the rich nations from making a move. They have one nation - one vote, everyone has an equal vote. And when those brothers from Asia, and Africa and the darker parts of this earth get together, their voting power is sufficient to hold Sam in check. Or Russia in check. Or some other section of the earth in check. So, the ballot is most important.

Right now, in this country, if you and I, 22 million African-Americans - that�s what we are - Africans who are in America

So, you�re dealing with a man whose bias and prejudice are making him lose his mind, his intelligence, every day. He�s frightened. He looks around and sees what�s taking place on this earth, and he sees that the pendulum of time is swinging in your direction. The dark people are waking up. They�re losing their fear of the white man. No place where he�s fighting right now is he winning. Everywhere he�s fighting, he�s fighting someone your and my complexion. And they�re beating him. He can�t win any more. He�s won his last battle. He failed to win the Korean War. He couldn�t win it. He had to sign a truce. That�s a loss.

Any time Uncle Sam, with all his machinery for warfare, is held to a draw by some rice eaters, he�s lost the battle. He had to sign a truce. America�s not supposed to sign a truce. She�s supposed to be bad. But she�s not bad any more. She�s bad as long as she can use her hydrogen bomb, but she can�t use hers for fear Russia might use hers. Russia can�t use hers, for fear that Sam might use his. So, both of them are weapon-less. They can�t use the weapon because each weapon nullifies the other. So the only place where action can take place is on the ground. And the white man can�t win another war fighting on the ground. Those days are over The black man knows it, the brown man knows it, the red man knows it, and the yellow man knows it. So they engage him in guerrilla warfare. That�s not his style. You�ve got to have heart to be a guerrilla warrior, and he hasn�t got any heart. I�m telling you now�

I would like to say, in closing, a few things concerning the Muslim Mosque, Inc., which we established recently in New York City. It�s true we�re Muslims and our religion is Islam, but we don�t mix our religion with our politics and our economics and our social and civil activities - not any more We keep our religion in our mosque. After our religious services are over, then as Muslims we become involved in political action, economic action and social and civic action. We become involved with anybody, any where, any time and in any manner that�s designed to eliminate the evils, the political, economic and social evils that are afflicting the people of our community.

The political philosophy of black nationalism means that the black man should control the politics and the politicians in his own community; no more. The black man in the black community has to be re-educated into the science of politics so he will know what politics is supposed to bring him in return. Don�t be throwing out any ballots. A ballot is like a bullet. You don�t throw your ballots until you see a target, and if that target is not within your reach, keep your ballot in your pocket�

Black people are fed up with the dillydallying, pussyfooting, compromising approach that we�ve been using toward getting our freedom. We want freedom now, but we�re not going to get it saying �We Shall Overcome.� We�ve got to fight until we overcome.

The economic philosophy of black nationalism is pure and simple. It only means that we should control the economy of our community. Why should white people be running all the stores in our community? Why should white people be running the banks of our community? Why should the economy of our community be in the hands of the white man? Why? If a black man can�t move his store into a white community, you tell me why a white man should move his store into a black community. The philosophy of black nationalism involves a re-education program in the black community in regards to economics. Our people have to be made to see that any time you take your dollar out of your community and spend it in a community where you don�t live, the community where you live will get poorer and poorer, and the community where you spend your money will get richer and richer.

Then you wonder why where you live is always a ghetto or a slum area. And where you and I are concerned, not only do we lose it when we spend it out of the community, but the white man has got all our stores in the community tied up; so that though we spend it in the community, at sundown the man who runs the store takes it over across town somewhere. He�s got us in a vise. So the economic philosophy of black nationalism means in every church, in every civic organization, in every fraternal order, it�s time now for our people to be come conscious of the importance of controlling the economy of our community. If we own the stores, if we operate the businesses, if we try and establish some industry in our own community, then we�re developing to the position where we are creating employment for our own kind. Once you gain control of the economy of your own community, then you don�t have to picket and boycott and beg some cracker downtown for a job in his business.

The social philosophy of black nationalism only means that we have to get together and remove the evils, the vices, alcoholism, drug addiction, and other evils that are destroying the moral fiber of our community. We, ourselves, have to lift the level of our community, the standard of our community to a higher level, make our own society beautiful so that we will be satisfied in our own social circles and won�t be running around here trying to knock our way into a social circle where we�re not wanted. So I say, in spreading a gospel such as black nationalism, it is not designed to make the black man re-evaluate the white man - you know him already - but to make the black man re-evaluate himself. Don�t change the white man�s mind - you can�t change his mind, and that whole thing about appealing to the moral conscience of America - America�s conscience is bankrupt. She lost all conscience a long time ago. Uncle Sam has no conscience.

They don�t know what morals are. They don�t try and eliminate an evil because it�s evil, or because it�s illegal, or because it�s immoral; they eliminate it only when it threatens their existence. So you�re wasting your time appealing to the moral conscience of a bankrupt man like Uncle Sam. If he had a conscience, he�d straighten this thing out with no more pressure being put upon him. So it is not necessary to change the white man�s mind. We have to change our own mind. You can�t change his mind about us. We�ve got to change our own minds about each other. We have to see each other with new eyes. We have to see each other as brothers and sisters. We have to come together with warmth so we can develop unity and harmony that�s necessary to get this problem solved ourselves. How can we do this? How can we avoid jealousy? How can we avoid the suspicion and the divisions that exist in the community? I�ll tell you how�

It�s time for you and me to stop sitting in this country, letting some cracker senators, Northern crackers and Southern crackers, sit there in Washington, D.C., and come to a conclusion in their mind that you and I are supposed to have civil rights. There�s no white man going to tell me anything about my rights. Brothers and sisters, always remember, if it doesn�t take senators and congressmen and presidential proclamations to give freedom to the white man, it is not necessary for legislation or proclamation or Supreme Court decisions to give freedom to the black man. You let that white man know, if this is a country of freedom, let it be a country of freedom; and if it�s not a country of freedom, change it.

We will work with anybody, anywhere, at any time, who is genuinely interested in tackling the problem head-on, nonviolently as long as the enemy is nonviolent, but violent when the enemy gets violent. We�ll work with you on the voter-registration drive, we�ll work with you on rent strikes, we�ll work with you on school boycotts�

A segregated district or community is a community in which people live, but outsiders control the politics and the economy of that community. They never refer to the white section as a segregated community. It�s the all-Negro section that�s a segregated community. Why? The white man controls his own school, his own bank, his own economy, his own politics, his own everything, his own community; but he also controls yours. When you�re under someone else�s control, you�re segregated. They�ll always give you the lowest or the worst that there is to offer, but it doesn�t mean you�re segregated just because you have your own. You�ve got to control your own. Just like the white man has control of his, you need to control yours.

You know the best way to get rid of segregation? The white man is more afraid of separation than he is of integration. Segregation means that he puts you away from him, but not far enough for you to be out of his jurisdiction; separation means you�re gone. And the white man will integrate faster than he�ll let you separate. So we will work with you against the segregated school system because it�s criminal, because it is absolutely destructive, in every way imaginable, to the minds of the children who have to be exposed to that type of crippling education.

Last but not least, I must say this concerning the great controversy over rifles and shotguns. The only thing that I�ve ever said is that in areas where the government has proven itself either unwilling or unable to defend the lives and the property of Negroes, it�s time for Negroes to defend themselves. Article number two of the constitutional amendments provides you and me the right to own a rifle or a shotgun. It is constitutionally legal to own a shotgun or a rifle. This doesn�t mean you�re going to get a rifle and form battalions and go out looking for white folks, although you�d be within your rights - I mean, you�d be justified; but that would be illegal and we don�t do anything illegal. If the white man doesn�t want the black man buying rifles and shotguns, then let the government do its job.

That�s all. And don�t let the white man come to you and ask you what you think about what Malcolm says - why, you old Uncle Tom. He would never ask you if he thought you were going to say, �Amen!� No, he is making a Tom out of you.� So, this doesn�t mean forming rifle clubs and going out looking for people, but it is time, in 1964, if you are a man, to let that man know. If he�s not going to do his job in running the government and providing you and me with the protection that our taxes are supposed to be for, since he spends all those billions for his defense budget, he certainly can�t begrudge you and me spending $12 or $15 for a single-shot, or double-action. I hope you understand. Don�t go out shooting people, but any time - brothers and sisters, and especially the men in this audience; some of you wearing Congressional Medals of Honor, with shoulders this wide, chests this big, muscles that big - any time you and I sit around and read where they bomb a church and murder in cold blood, not some grownups, but four little girls while they were praying to the same God the white man taught them to pray to, and you and I see the government go down and can�t find who did it�

Let two or three American soldiers, who are minding somebody else�s business way over in South Vietnam, get killed, and he�ll send battleships, sticking his nose in their business. He wanted to send troops down to Cuba and make them have what he calls free elections - this old cracker who doesn�t have free elections in his own country.

No, if you never see me another time in your life, if I die in the morning, I�ll die saying one thing: the ballot or the bullet, the ballot or the bullet.

If a Negro in 1964 has to sit around and wait for some cracker senator to filibuster when it comes to the rights of black people, why, you and I should hang our heads in shame. You talk about a march on Washington in 1963, you haven�t seen anything. There�s some more going down in �64�

The black nationalists aren�t going to wait. Lyndon B. Johnson is the head of the Democratic Party. If he�s for civil rights, let him go into the Senate next week and declare himself. Let him go in there right now and declare himself. Let him go in there and denounce the Southern branch of his party. Let him go in there right now and take a moral stand - right now, not later. Tell him, don�t wait until election time. If he waits too long, brothers and sisters, he will be responsible for letting a condition develop in this country which will create a climate that will bring seeds up out of the ground with vegetation on the end of them looking like something these people never dreamed of. In 1964, it�s the ballot or the bullet.

Thank you.

BlackCommentator.com Editorial Board member, Lenore Jean Daniels, PhD, has a Doctorate in Modern American Literature/Cultural Theory. Click here to contact Dr. Daniels.


[i] America�s Happy News Media,� This Cant Be Happening (Independent Online Alternative News) www.thiscantbehappening.net/node/274

[ii] �Ballot or the Bullet,� Speech, April 3, 1964, Cleveland, Ohio. http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/malcolm_x_ballot.htm

 
 
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